When I was a young journalist working as the environment editor for a Thai newspaper back in the 1990s, one of the first things I learned was this: In order to cover the environment, you have to understand the energy sector—not just what it emits, but the politics, economics, and technical issues surrounding it. And vice versa: Those reporting on energy development have to understand its environmental impacts to provide good coverage.
The interlocking nature of these issues has again become tragically evident in recent weeks following the disaster in northeast Japan. The media coverage—including a proverbial renaissance of reporting on nuclear power—has generally reflected the comprehensive nature of these events in a compelling way, but much of it has failed to explain the full implications of climate change in the debate about what comes next.
When the earthquake and tsunami first hit on March 11, it seemed to be a humanitarian story, rather than an environmental one. This was the planet impacting people, not people affecting the planet. Some tried to make it the latter. The Bolivian communications minister attributed the earthquake, erroneously, to global warming and blamed the world for failing to listen to his prime minister, Evo Morales, who has sought far tougher action against climate change by developed countries. A columnist for Grist also made claims linking tsunamis to climate change, before retracting them.
They didn’t need to stretch so hard. The story quickly turned into an environmental parable with plenty of profound lessons. First and foremost, it demonstrated the raw awesome power of nature. The pictures and video of the tsunami sweeping over everything in its path—even generating a nightmarish whirlpool, rarely seen outside of Homeric legend—reminded us of who really runs this show. Most frightening of all, we learned that even a wealthy, technologically advanced, and earthquake-aware country like Japan can be overwhelmed, suggesting we have to respect the “the limits of safeguards and human foresight,” as The New York Times put it.
Then the scale and implications of the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi reactors became evident, grabbing the public’s attention and holding it, even if, in countries like the United States, the media quickly turned its attention to the violence in Libya. The silver lining to this still-unfolding crisis has been the tremendous amount of renewed focus on the risks and benefits of nuclear power, a debate which spread in the press around the world, with numerous repercussions in the policy realm.
From Thailand to Argentina, governments have set up safety reviews and protestors have revived demonstrations against nuclear plants. In South Asia, the Times of India and Dawn reported respectively that India and Pakistan would each take steps to increase safety at their nuclear plants. But Bhubaneswar-based journalist Manipadma Jena maintains that India’s response has been largely “academic,” and Indian civil society’s reaction lackluster compared to, for instance, the Indo-U.S. nuclear deal signed in 2008, which spawned protests in the streets. Nepalese journalist Navin Khadka of the BBC reports that essentially there have been no major policy shifts in the region. In general, global coverage seemed to reflect the revived safety concerns over nuclear power, but without providing enough context about the risks of other energy options, especially those that contribute to climate change.
That lack of context is evident in Der Spiegel’s coverage, for instance, which predicts “the end of the nuclear era”. Although the future of nuclear power has certainly become cloudier - particularly in Germany, which shut down seven nuclear plants - on a global level this could be only a temporary setback, and possibly even a prod toward needed reform. Charles Ebinger of the Brookings Institution told Greenwire that China, India, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and most likely Indonesia and Malaysia will eventually continue with their nuclear building plans. Indeed, the main obstacle to more nuclear power plants may remain economic, albeit partly because increased safety concerns can increase the up-front costs required to build them.
It's not just an issue of radiation release. We still haven't figured out what to do with the radioactive waste. Not only is the waste dangerous in it's own right, there is also the issue of the waste available to be stolen and being used in bombs.
#1 Posted by Ron R., CJR on Tue 5 Apr 2011 at 04:41 PM
James,
You write: "But it is the divergences between nuclear power and climate change that have been least remarked upon by the press. Despite the global debate surrounding it, nuclear power is ultimately a local issue."
That is a very interesting point, especially in light of the recent string of pro-nuclear columns that George Monbiot has written for the Guardian. All of them, including his latest, where he directly challenges Caldicott and the anti-nuclear movement, imply that opposition to nuclear power remains very much ideological. Or do you mean that the problems related to nuclear power, such as waste disposal and fears of contamination, are mostly local in nature?
BTW, over at Climate Central, I take stock of Monbiot's recent columns, and whether his increasingly assertive case for nuclear power will have staying power:
http://www.climatecentral.org/blogs/the-nuclear-option/
#2 Posted by Keith kloor, CJR on Tue 5 Apr 2011 at 09:22 PM
Keith, interesting discussion you've got going on at your blog over Monbiot's views.
I do mean that most of the problems from nuclear power, such as radiation contamination, are local in nature. That applies to nuclear waste sites, as well (as Ron says, that's a problem which hasn't adequately been solved -- or it's been "solved" by sending it as far away as possible, to the Canadian shield and perhaps one day Yucca Mountain). Of course there are global implications, whether positive or negative, such as the security threats posed by proliferation, or the benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.
Yes, I agree that a lot of the opposition is ideological in nature, but I don't think we can dismiss all of it as being unreasonable. Nuclear power plants are still expensive to build and decommission, especially when you add in additional safety factors. And quite simply, no one wants to live near a nuclear plant or waste disposal site (unless you materially benefit from it, ie, you or someone in your family has a job there).
Those are going to be the two most fundamental obstacles to developing nuclear power going forward, particularly in democratic countries. In more authoritarian countries, or rapidly industrializing countries that still have sizable poor populations, I think it will soon be full steam ahead again.
What we in the media need to do a better job of is exploring the local implications of global issues like climate change -- both in terms of impacts and adaptation, and how, even when society musters the will to address climate change, the solutions are generating huge environmental (not just economic) controversies.
#3 Posted by James Fahn, CJR on Wed 6 Apr 2011 at 10:11 AM
When you say, "What seems clear, however, is that even taking Chernobyl into account, nuclear power has caused far fewer deaths than coal,' you've expressed the industry spin on the subject. They want to compare nuclear with coal to avoid the comparison of both nuclear and coal (19th and 20th century technologies) with renewable, clean, green energy solutions like solar and wind (21st century technology), which would obviously kill far fewer than either and protect against global warming too.
Nuclear power is potentially deadly to whole cities, and the world for that matter. It's time to adopt the "precautionary principle" and phase it out.
#4 Posted by Laurie Menard, CJR on Wed 6 Apr 2011 at 03:50 PM
This article is completely disingenuous swill that might well have been written by one of the nuclear industry's numerous public relations outfits. You're trying to present a highly biased argument as a balanced viewpoint. Your assertion about the number of deaths caused by nuclear power is absurd. Are you aware that competent scientific authorities in Russia and Eastern Europe have calculated that as many as 1 million people may have died and many more suffered rare, horrible genetic illnesses as a result of the Chernobyl accident? How about the deaths and illnesses caused by uranium mining and processing which are incurred largely by indigenous people in third-world countries or poor minorities such as Navajos in the United States or aborigines in Australia?
If nuclear energy is so safe then why, of all of the energy technologies, is it the only one with its own act of Congress that specifically limits the liability of its plant owners and operators in case of accidents (at ridiculously low levels I should add)? If advocates of nuclear energy and the nuclear industry really want to convince us that their technology is safe then they should ask for repeal of the Price-Anderson Act. In other words, put up or STFU.
As for this incredibly shoddy piece of "journalism" it's a disgrace for it to appear in the CRJ. I thought there were higher standards here. If I want to read this kind of crap I can go back to the WaPo which published essentially the same propaganda piece several days ago.
#5 Posted by roadrider, CJR on Wed 6 Apr 2011 at 10:29 PM
Correction to my previous post. It should read "and others have suffered suffered rare, horrible genetic illnesses"
#6 Posted by roadrider, CJR on Wed 6 Apr 2011 at 10:32 PM
You say in the article that nuclear power has caused far fewer deaths than coal. However, i wonder if this conclusion considered the big investment in nuclear securities. What if we pay the same big money on the security in coal mining as that in nuclear generations.
#7 Posted by Scully Meng, CJR on Thu 7 Apr 2011 at 11:18 PM
Thanks for your comments. If you have alternative studies comparing the safety of various power sources, please do share them.
Here's a WHO study which found that air pollution (not just from power sources) causes 2 million deaths per year: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html
Another study puts the estimate at 3 million deaths per year, and that's from pollution in the form of smoke and chemicals, not factoring in climate change: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070813162438.htm . The mercury emitted by coal-fired power plants also causes genetic diseases.
Global mortality numbers for air pollution specifically from power plants are harder to come by, but in the US alone it's estimated at 24,000 per year: http://www.environmentnevada.org/reports/clean-air/clean-air-program-reports/dirty-air-dirty-power---mortality-and-health-damage-due-to-air-pollution-from-power-plants . That's compared to a total of 41,200 air pollution deaths per year.
In China and India, annual air pollution deaths are estimated at 656,000 and 527,700, respectively, with the combustion of fossil fuels and the burning of charcoal and coal being considered primary sources: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070709-china-pollution.html
There are of course many policy alternatives to supporting nuclear power or coal. This article was not intended to explore them all.
#8 Posted by James Fahn, CJR on Fri 8 Apr 2011 at 12:09 AM
Good reporting, James.
The energy policy of the USA has way too much short term thjnking (corn based ethanol and shale gas) and too little reliance on market signals. A Big Fat Energy Tax would bring it into line, but Congress will never buy that.
Duncan
#9 Posted by Duncan Brown, CJR on Sat 9 Apr 2011 at 02:08 PM